a. Periodic abstinence: is a method in which a couple avoids or abstains from coitus from day 10-17 of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation is expected to occur.
As a chance of fertilization are very high during this period, it is called the fertile period.

b. Coitus interruptus: or withdrawal is a method in which male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.

c. Lactational amenorrhea: (Absence of menstruation) is based on the principle that during the period of lactation after parturition, ovulation does not occur.